Science and Technology -Net Catalogue

In a landmark breakthrough in the field of bio-technology or bio-medicine, scientists have been able to bring life to a death hearth, albeit that of a rat.

According to Nature Medicine the premiere journal of biomedical research, scientists at the University of Minnesota stripped a dead heart of all its cells using detergents and left only the scaffold made up of connective fibres and tissues. Then they injected the decellularised scaffold with 50-70 million living cells from newborn rats allowing them to grow on the scaffold. The new cells grew on the scaffold and the heart began to contract in four days time. The heart begun to show pumping activity in eight days.

This scientific breakthrough has opened unlimited opportunity for scientists to perfect the technique and try to apply it on human heart. It has been revealed that scientists have also tried this decellularization technique on other organs such as liver, lung, kidney and the pig hearth which is more closer to human hearth in size and complexity.

But scientists caution that it is still miles to go before human organs can be made through this technique. The organs have not yet been used for on animals for practical demonstration of how they work.

One obvious hurdle is the number of living cells required for seeding the scaffold under the technique. In this case, living cells from 100 rats have been used and naturally, the question arises from where would these cells be found in case of seeding a dead human organ to bring it to life. Stem Cells are the likeliest solution as they can turn into any type of cells in the body. Scientists hope that solutions can be found in the near future and these bioartificial organs can be alternative to organ transplantation procedures. According to estimates, around 22 million people suffer from heart failure every year.

With the arrival of the season of winter, we need some extra effort to decorate our interior. It is very cold in out side. To keep our body worm we use blazer and leather jacket etc. At the beginning of the civilization when men live in the cave they used to ware nothing to protect them from the winter. Human are separate from other animal. They don’t have the thick skin or lots of hair to protect them from extreme cold. At fast the tree skin are used as the body shields and then they use the skin of the hunted animal to protect body from cold. The use of cotton and making cloth has change the living of human more comfortable. Like other technology, the textile technology grows up from the early use of hand loom. If we think the evolution of any kind of technology we will find every technology star with very sample tool. The innovation of wheel is responsible for today’s formula 1 (one) automotive. To protect the body from cold we use the theory of insulator. Any matter that stops transmission of heat energy from one end to other end is known as an insulator. Wool is a one of the best insulator and better than any other artificial fabric to use as an insulator. Wool is a natural fabric. Synthetic fibers can’t be an alternative for wool. Traditional technology are use in making wool made rugs and other winter clothing. Using those tradition rugs and other durable carpeting is an eco-friendly attitude. For synthesis of Synthetic fibers we use different kind of chemicals. These chemicals from textile industry are a vital cause of water and air pollution. This is also harmful for agriculture and eco-system of the earth. The traditional technologies are sometime more eco- friendly. It absorbs the unnecessary sounds and keeps the room from the noise pollution by the sound reservation process.

An lcd tv is something everyone wants today. It all began with lg phones coming with their own memory cards. That produced the need of lcd monitors. Later samsung phones also adopted the technology with the better quality of transformers.

Soure: Science Article by Kumar Pushkar, P.Darpan

Nanotechnology imitates the term umbrella which covers various areas of research dealing with object that are measured in nanometers. Nanometer (nm) is a billionth of a meter (10-9 metre) of a millimeter. Nanotechnology, simply, is the creation of functional materials, devices and systems through the control of matter on the nanometer scale.

To create things on nanometer scale, one has to be able to manipulate atoms individually. Atom is the smaller portion of an element that can take part in chemical reaction. So atoms are, undoubtedly, the building blocks of all matters in our universe. Nature has molecularly perfected the science of manufacturing matter. For instance, human bodies are assembled in a specific manner from millions of livingcells. Thus, cells become the nature’s nanomachines. Consumer goods that we by/use are made by pushing piles of together in an imprecise manner.

The challenge of nanotechnology is to place atoms precisely where we wish on a structure. Atoms and molecules stick together as they have complementary shapes that lock together, or changes that attract, i.e., a positively charged atom will stick to a negatively charged atom. As millions of these atoms are placed together by nanomachines, a specific product will begin to take shape. Some important steps to achieve nanotechnologically produced goods are as follows-

The goal of nanotechnology is to manipulate atoms individually and place them it in a pattern to a desired structure. Scientists must be able to manipulate individual atoms. This means that they will have to develop a technique to occupy single atom and move it on desired position. This process is repeated again and again. Similarly, 1990, IBM researchers showed that it is possible to manipulate single atom.  They arranged 35 xenon atoms on the surface of nickel crystal with the help of instrument atomic force microscopy. These arranged atoms spelled out the letters ‘IBM’.

Nanoscopic machine are called assembles which can be programmed to manipulate atoms and molecules at will. In order to build enough assemblers to manufacture consumer goods, some nanomachines, called replicators, will be programmed to build more assemblers.

Assemblers and replicators will work together automatically to construct different products and will eventually replace all traditional labour methods. With the help of synthetic chemical methods we can create synthetic molecular motors, as in a so-called nenocar. This will vastly decrease manufacturing costs, thereby making consumer goods
plentiful, stronger and cheaper.

Modern Research
The following avenues of research could be considered subfields of nanotechnology-
(1) Colloid science has eastablished various materials having unique properties which are useful in nanotechnology, e.g., carbon nanotubes and nanorods.
(2) Nanomedicines are being developed.
(3) The bottom-up approaches of nanotechnology seek to arrange smaller components into more complex assemblies. For example, DNA nanotechnology utilizes the specificity of Watson-Crick base-pairing to from well-defined structures out of DNA and other nucleic acids.
(4) Top-down approaches seek to establish smaller devices by using larger one to direct their assembly. For example: (i) technologies descended from conventional solid-state silicon method for fabricating microprocessors are now capable of forming features smaller than 10 2 nm. (ii) Solid-state techniques can also be used to build devices known as nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), which are related to microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
(5) The functional approaches of nanotechnology seek to develop components of a desired functionality without regard to how they might be assembled. For example, molecular electronics seek to created molecules with useful electronic properties, which could than be used as singlemolecule component in a nanoelectrical devices like rotaxane.
(6) With the help of synthetic chemical methods we can create synthetic molecular motors, as in a so-called nanocar.

Tools and Techniques
The atomic force microscope(AFT) and the scanning tunneling microscope(STM) are the two early versions of scanning probes that launched nanotechnology. Marvin Minsky in 1961and Calvin Quate in 1970 discovered scanning confocal microscope(SCM) and scanning acoustic microscope(SAM) respectively. These two microscopes made possible to see structures at the nanoscale. This led to the development of various techniques of nanolithography such as dip pen nanolithography, electron beam lithography and nanoimprint lithography. John R. Arthur, Alfred Y. Cho and A.C. Gossard developed and implemented molecular beam epitaxy (BME) as a research tool. Samples made by MBE were the key to the discovery of the fractional ‘quantum fluid’ for which the 1998 Nobel Prize in physics was awarded. The winners of this Nobel Prize were (are) Robert B. Larghlin, Horst L. Stoemer and Daniel C. Tusi.

By Mike Strauss

In 1905, Albert Einstein published ‘On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies’ now known as Special Relativity; this theory revolutionized geometry, math, physics, science and the classical perspective of the universe as understood since Newton’s time.  However, were there intrinsic errors in this theory?

Is Albert Einstein’s Special Relativity incompatible with the very equations upon which science’s greatest theory is built?  New observations made by many scientists and engineers appear to contradict the great German scientist’s ideas.  Apparently there are implicit contradictions present within Relativity’s foundational ideas, documents and equations.  One individual has even pointed that quotations from the 1905 document and Einstein’s contemporaries as well as interpretations of the Relativity equations clearly and concisely describe a confused and obviously erroneous theory.  It is time therefore, for science to update its thinking on this theory with a comprehensive analysis of the history leading up to, during and after that revolutionary year of Special Relativity.

As this is the 100 year anniversary of the original release of Special Relativity, a review of the original assumptions, documents and ideas which led to the acceptance of this theory is timely and warranted.  Every year millions of students are taught this theory without a critical analysis of Relativity.  Relativity Theory consists of its two variants Special Relativity and General Relativity and is considered the cornerstone of modern physics.

Albert Einstein borrowed from the ideas of Fitzgerald, Lorentz and Voigt to create a new concept of the universe.  His first work in this regard later came to be known as Special Relativity and contained many controversial ideas which today are considered axiomatic.  Amongst these are Length Contraction, Time Dilation, the Twin Paradox and the equivalence of mass and energy summarized in the equation E=mc2.

This equation became the shining capstone of the new theory along with its first & second postulates, namely, that the laws of nature are the same from all perspectives and that the speed of light ‘c’ is constant in a vacuum regardless of perspective.  Further, the theory also predicted an increase in mass with velocity.  Numerous examples have been given of the ‘proof’ of the validity of Special Relativity.

Most notably, experiments using particle accelerators have sped particles to incredible velocities which apparently provide confirmation of Einstein’s theory.  However, doubts remain in the scientific community who have never totally given up the comfort of a Newtonian world view.  This is readily apparent in that they refer to the Newton’s ‘Law’ of Gravitation whilst Special Relativity (SR) and General Relativity (GR) are given the polite attribution ‘The Theory of’ or simply SR ‘theory’ and GR ‘theory.’  Einstein would continue working on the ideas of Special Relativity until producing the aforementioned even more controversial treatise.

In his later more comprehensive work called the Theory of General Relativity (1916), Einstein proposed a major re-thinking of cosmology.  He conceived of a space time continuum that is curved by mass; in other words, planets, stars, galaxies and other stellar objects cause a curvature of space time.  The movement of these objects are determined by the aforementioned curvature.

As a result of these ideas, our understanding of geometry, math, physics, science and the universe would never be the same.  However, some scientists are reporting that speed of light is not constant from different experimental observations.  One has even reported errors in the fundamental equations.  If so, this would require a major rethinking of the known cosmological models and assumptions of modern physics.

Michael Strauss is an engineer who has an interest in this subject matter. To contact the author visit:  www.relativitycollapse.com

Mike Strauss

Michael Strauss is an engineer who has an interest in this subject matter. To contact the author visit: a href”http://www.relativitycollapse.com”www.relativitycollapse.com/a or a href”http://www.relativitycollapse.net”www.relativitycollapse.net/a

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